The Ancient Mariner Essay - 1068 Words

The Ancient Mariner Through The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, Coleridge has created a masterpiece. This epic reworks the ballad form so that it comes alive and speaks to the Romantic Age, breathing a story as strange and delightful, mystical and wonderful as the mystery of life itself. The raw power of the language, the startling speed at which it hurls you along and the arresting questions of the poem fill your spirit with wonder at the operation of nature and the awesome mystery of evil. There will always be those men whose imaginations transcend the limitations of their time. Coleridge is such a man, with The Ancient Mariner being an imaginatively sharp ballad, in contact with mystery and evil, with the penance and final†¦show more content†¦By thy long grey beard and glittering eye, Now wherefore stoppst though me? The scene is set, and already Coleridges tightness and conciseness of narrative hastens through. This powerful stanza and the following few paint a picture of enormous imaginative influence, as this ancient mariner comes to a disturbing life. The strangeness, mysterious knowledge and experience and a touch of the supernatural combine to hold the wedding guest in place -- he cannot choose but hear. The eerie power of the mariner is contrasted with the joy of the wedding beginning in the distance. Already we see that what we are entering is a world not of the ordered but the disturbing -- not the controlled but the uncontrollable. Powerful, rapid changes are undergone in the story, as we learn of a ship sailing from port and then swept into a terrible storm and then a land of ice and snow. The romantic interest in nature is revealed as the breathtaking wonder of massive icebergs float by in complete stillness, causing a shiver to run down your spine. Coleridges sudden contrasts prove utter magic: And now there came both mist and snow, And it grew wondrous cold: And ice, mast-high, came floating by, As green as emerald. This stanza directly follows the intensity of the storm -- no time is wasted as one breathtaking detail of nature is exchanged for another of completely different kind. Here the eerieShow MoreRelatedThe Rime Of The Ancient Mariner1246 Words   |  5 PagesIn recent years, growing concerns over the state of our planet has increased. It has become increasingly apparent that humans leave a destructive impact on the world. â€Å"The Rime of the Ancient Mariner† uses a religious tone and symbolism to discuss the implications of human interference with nature. It is undeniable that humans leave a lasting impact on the world. The need to progress and improve has lead to the destruction of the environment. The catch-22 of humans need to progress is that theyRead MoreThe Rime Of The Ancient Mariner878 Words   |  4 PagesThe Rime of the Ancient Mariner is a poem by the English poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge. Coleridge and his friend, William Wordsworth, put together a collection of their work called Lyrical Ballads. It contained Coleridge’s famous poem Rime of the Ancient Mariner. This collection is widely recognized as the initiation of the shift towards modern poetry and British Romantic literature. Although the poem’s deliberate use of antiquated language differed from romantic poetry’s use of modern languageRead MoreThe Rime Of The Ancient Mariner Essay1384 Words   |  6 PagesSamuel Taylor Coleridge’s â€Å"The Rime of the Ancient Mariner† details the story of a cursed mariner, framed in a conver sation with a man on his way to a wedding. The Mariner’s tale truly begins when he thoughtlessly kills an albatross as his crew is sailing through the northern ice caps. Rising from Coleridge’s own experience, he ties in various themes exposing the reader to death, consequences of actions, and an interest in the unknown. By creating a clear connection between the physical and spiritualRead MoreThe Rime Of The Ancient Mariner944 Words   |  4 PagesWhen he was nine, his father died, and Coleridge was sent to school in London. Later, he went to Cambridge University. One of Samuel Taylor Coleridge poems was The Rime of the Ancient Mariner and there are a distinct three messages that are life learning. The first message in the poem The Rime of the Ancient Mariner by Samuel Taylor Coleridge is not to kill innocent things. So the first message is not to kill innocent things. The reason why this is a message is because it happens everywhereRead MoreThe Rime Of Ancient Mariner1896 Words   |  8 PagesNikita Raval Professor: C .Thompson Date: 11/11/2015 Composition-1 The Rime of Ancient Mariner Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772-1834) is a lyrical poet, critic, and philosopher. The poem â€Å"The Rime of Ancient Mariner† was first published as a lyrical ballad in the year 1798. The poem recounts sailor who came back from long sea voyage. The poem is about three people who attend a wedding when a long gray -bearded and glittered eye person stops one ofRead MoreThe Rime Of The Ancient Mariner1891 Words   |  8 Pagesthe approach and structure of proposed implementation varying primarily based on ideology. â€Å"The Rime of the Ancient Mariner† by means of Samuel Taylor Coleridge and â€Å"Goblin Market† by means of Christina Rossetti, are perfect examples of ways human beings have always and could always be inclined to temptations due to the fact they re more potent than our will. In â€Å"The Rime of the Ancient Mariner† through Samuel Taylor Coleridge temptation is embodied inside the form of a chicken. The essential individualRead MoreThe Rime Of The Ancient Mariner2966 Words   |  12 Pages Coleridge?s Hidden Journal: ?The Rime of the Ancient Mariner? Samuel Taylor Coleridge?s ?Rime of the Ancient Mariner? is a piece known to many in some vague way or another. An elderly sailor, a ghostly ship, and the killing of an albatross are all present in many people?s minds, although they may not entirely know the whole tale. Although well-known today, the most activity ?Rime? has seen was in its beginnings. It has its fair share of praise and criticism, praise given posthumously and criticismRead MoreRime of the Ancient Mariner and Frankenstein1111 Words   |  5 PagesColeridge s Rime of the Ancient Mariner tells the story of an ancient mariner who kills an albatross and brings upon himself and his ship s crew a curse. The ancient mariner travels the world, unburdening his soul, telling his story to whomever needs to hear it. Shelley alludes to the poem several times. Robert Walton in Frankenstein is similar to the Wedding Guest from Rime of the Ancient Mariner, with Victor Frankenstein playing the role of the mariner. As the mariner feels compelled to shareRead MoreThe Rime Of The Ancient Mariner1954 Words   |  8 Pages In Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s most remarkable work, The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, I found literary critics, college professors, and multiple sources discussing the poem. The critics discussed the following work by the use of supernaturalism and religious symbolism. College instructor, Melba Cuddy-Keane, states that the poem is viewed as a â€Å"dream voyage to another realm† (par. 2). According to critic Michael Burke, the poem reveals a â€Å"romantic myth of a circular transcending journey, organizedRead MoreEssay on The Rime of the Ancient Mariner2173 Words   |  9 Pagesoutside cause of sin, besides the agent himself. Coleridge’s poem The Rime of the Ancient Mariner is a poem of sin, but it is a lso a poem that questions etiology. John Livingston Lowes writes â€Å"The relentless line of cause and consequence runs likewise, unswerving as the voyage, through the poem†(68). Cause and consequence in the poem, however, should not be taken at face value. Certainly the violent act of the Mariner has consequences, but Coleridge also brings a logical fallacy into light: Post hoc

Kentucky Fried Chicken and the Global Fast-Food Industry...

Kentucky Fried Chicken and the Global Fast-Food Industry Case Analysis 1.0 Source Problem The change in demographic trends in the past two decades has seen an overall increase in costs for KFC and other fast food chains. Due to immense price competition and saturation of the US market, KFC is unable to raise its prices to cover the increased costs. The slower US population growth rate, oversupply of fast food chains and the minuscule 1% growth in the US restaurant industry per year has resulted in KFC ¡Ã‚ ¦s focus on expansion of their international markets. 2.0 Secondary Problems 2.1 Short Term ÂÆ'ÃÅ" New product introductions are slow. ÂÆ'ÃÅ" Market research inefficiency. Eg. Germans were not accustomed to buying takeout or ordering†¦show more content†¦A supplier group is powerful when: ÂÆ'à ¥ It is dominated by a few large companies and is more concentrated than the industry to which it sells. Tyson Foods in Mexico. ÂÆ'à ¥ Satisfactory substitute products are not available to industry firms; ÂÆ'à ¥ Industry firms are not a significant customer for the supplier group; ÂÆ'à ¥ Suppliers ¡Ã‚ ¦ goods are critical to buyers ¡Ã‚ ¦ marketplace success; ÂÆ'à ¥ The effectiveness of suppliers ¡Ã‚ ¦ products has created high switching costs for industry firms ÂÆ'ÃÅ" KFC being a major player in the industry, it has some bargaining power. Increase bargaining power enables KFC to negotiate lower prices from suppliers. ÂÆ'ÃÅ" Tyson Foods is the primary chicken supplier in Mexico, however, it also supplies KFC ¡Ã‚ ¦s competitors including McDonalds and Burger King in Mexico. Bargaining power of buyers  ¡V Medium ÂÆ'ÃÅ" Firms seek to maximize the return on their invested capital. Buyers (KFC customers of an industry or firm) want to buy products at the lowest possible price, at which the industry earns the lowest acceptable rate of return on its invested capital. To reduce their costs, buyers/customer bargain for higher quality, greater levels of service and lower prices. These outcomes are achieved by encouraging competitive battles among the industry firms. Customers (buyer groups) are powerful when: ÂÆ'à ¥ They purchase a large portion of anShow MoreRelatedKentucky Fried Chicken and Global Fast Food Industry2025 Words   |  9 PagesKENTUCKY FRIED CHICKEN AND THE GLOBAL FAST-FOOD INDUSTRY UNIVERSITY OF DHAKA A report submitted to the Faculty of Business Studies in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the final term examination in Principle of Management, Summer-2013. Submitted To: Prof. Dr. Shahid Uddin Ahmed Course Instructor EM 502 (S-B) Principle of Management Submitted By: Group B Sahin Sultana, Roll-66 Kanis Fatima, Roll-76 Nowshin Ahmed, Roll-63 Tabassum Mohsin ChowdhuryRead MoreCase Study – Kentucky Fried Chicken the Global Fast-Food Industry in de Wit Meyer3497 Words   |  14 PagesStrategic Management SIM336 Case Study – Kentucky Fried Chicken The Global Fast-Food Industry in De Wit Meyer (2004:909-927) Executive summary It is basically to introduce the strategic management of Kentucky fried chicken understanding key strategic issues relating to the global fast-food industry. In this report, there will be an analysis on the complexity of organisations and the environments by utilising the SWOT analysis, Porter’s Value Chain and Porter’sRead MoreKentucky Fried Chicken And Mcdonald Essay1586 Words   |  7 PagesKentucky Fried Chicken and McDonald s have held a successful presence in the UK for many years, with both enjoying high levels of the brand recognition. They have been the global leading brands for more than three decades (Keynote, 2003). In the United Kingdom, the fast food market values 7.82 billion pounds every year under estimation and 20 pounds per month for per adult on average (Schroder, McEachern, 2006). Owing to stressful lifestyles, quick meals are attracting more people to focus on. ThisRead MorePopeyes vs Kentucky Fried Chicken1731 Words   |  7 Pages03/29/20 12 Midterm Popeyes Fried Chicken Vs Kentucky Fried Chicken Popeyes: To be the world’s best quick service restaurant. Being the best means providing outstanding quality service, cleanliness, and value, so that makes every customer in every restaurant smile. SWOT Analysis: Strengths: The strength of Popeyes is based on its distinctive brand and style of Louisiana spicy chickens that it provides on its menu along with its chicken sandwiches, chicken tenders, fried shrimps and other seafoodRead MoreKfc : A Brand And Operating Segment1234 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction: KFC, founded and also known as Kentucky Fried Chicken, is a chain of fast food restaurants based in Louisville, Kentucky, United States. KFC has been a brand and operating segment, termed a concept of Yum! Brands since 1997 when that company was spun off from PepsiCo as Tricon Global Restaurants Inc. KFC primarily sells chicken pieces, wraps, salads and sandwiches. While its primary focus is fried chicken, KFC also offers a line of grilled and roasted chicken products, side dishes and dessertsRead MoreIdentify and Evaluate Marketing Opportunities2524 Words   |  11 PagesEVALUATE MARKETING OPPORTUNITIES Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC) DIPLOMA OF BUSINESS Candidate s Name : | M. Turab Hussain | Assessor s Name : | | Student ID : | | | | | | Submission Date: | | Table of Content History KFC (formerly known as Kentucky Fried Chicken) is a trademark franchise of Yum! Brands, Inc., headquartered in Louisville, Kentucky, United States .Founded by Col. Harland Sanders, KFC is known mainly for his fried chicken, which is usually served in a bucketRead MoreKfc Case Study1509 Words   |  7 PagesKFC- Finger-lickin good Kentucky Fried Chicken Kentucky Fried Chicken is one of the well-known fast food restaurants in the world. The industry was founded by Colonel Sanders. The corporation is based in Louisville, Kentucky and now regarded as the most famous chicken restaurant chain. It can be noted that each day, nearly eight million customers avails the products and foods offered by this fast food chain.   KFC has more than 11, 000 branches in more than 80 nations and territories all overRead MoreKfc International Business1810 Words   |  8 PagesExecutive summary Kentucky Fried Chicken is the second largest fast food restaurant. KFC has focused on foreign markets since the 1960s. At first this report will detailed describe the history of the Kentucky Fried Chicken. And then next parts will analysis the international business of the Kentucky Fried Chicken. Finally the report will give some recommendations to the KFC. Background to Kentucky Fried Chicken Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC) was established in Louisville, Kentucky, United statesRead MoreKfc Pest Analysis12891 Words   |  52 PagesFinal Project KFC (Kentucky Fried Chicken) Submitted To: Muhammad Asim Awaan Developed By: Madiha khalid Hijab Ashraf Rizwan Khalil Sami Ullah (07108118) (07108124) (07108125) (07108140) BBA Fall – 2007 Section â€Å"B† Date of Submission: 15 – 06 – 2011 Final Project KFC (Kentucky Fried Chicken) 1. Final Project KFC (Kentucky Fried Chicken) Dedication â€Å"We dedicate our project to AL-Mighty ALLAH without whose guidance we were unable to do so and also to our parents who support and helpedRead MoreBusiness Strategy-Kfc Company Overview 11080 Words   |  5 PagesCorporation  (KFC, founded and also known as  Kentucky Fried Chicken) is a chain of  fast food restaurants  based in  Louisville,  Kentucky  in the United States. KFC has been a brand and operating segment, termed a  concept[2]  of  Yum! Brands  since 1997 when that company was spun off fromPepsiCo  as Tricon Global Restaurants Inc. KFC primarily sells  chicken  pieces,  wraps,  salads  and  sandwiches. While its primary focus is  fried chicken, KFC also offers a line of grilled and roasted chicken products,  side dishes  and  desserts

The Concept of Kairos Free Essays

string(323) " withered has no part in the nature of Kairos \(Opportunity\); he also explained that the lock of hair on his forehead indicated that while he is easy to catch as he approaches, yet, when he has passed by, the moment of action has likewise expired, and that, if opportunity \(kairos\) is neglected, it cannot be recovered\." In the midst of the ordinary time (kronos), extraordinary time (kairos) happens. A cultural word morphed by Christianity Introduction In a scene from Dead Poets Society, Professor John Keating challenges his boarding school English class. They sheepishly stand in front of the trophy case peering inquisitively into the photographs of alumna. We will write a custom essay sample on The Concept of Kairos or any similar topic only for you Order Now The professor speaks with a deliberate tone about the boys in the faded black and white photographs: They’re not that different from you, are they? Same haircuts. Full of hormones, just like you. Invincible, just like you feel. The world is their oyster. They believe they’re destined for great things, just like many of you; their eyes are full of hope, just like you. Did they wait until it was too late to make from their lives even one iota of what they were capable? Because, you see gentlemen, these boys are now fertilizing daffodils. But if you listen real close, you can hear them whisper their legacy to you. Go on, lean in. Listen, you hear it? Carpe! Hear it? Carpe! Carpe diem! Seize the day boys. Make your lives extraordinary. Why does the call to live extraordinary lives ring so loudly for some they are compelled to follow it with a zealous passion? What causes the same call for others to become merely a drone to ignore amidst all the other noises of life? No matter where one falls on this continuum the call remains the same for every human being. Carpe diem! [Literally, pluck the day] Choose to live in such a way that reflects the extraordinariness of your life. Position yourself to get caught up in the great drama. You have been destined to make an impact. Lifetime The span of time that measures a person’s life is referred to as a lifetime. Each person has a limited span of time to live. Yet each person is given the opportunity to leave a legacy which is about contribution, significance, and things that really matter. Could there be two spans of time, whether recognized or not, which actually intersect? Kronos (kronos) is the ancient Greek word which refers to sequential or linear time. In Greek mythology, the god Chronos, pictured as elderly, gray-haired and bearded, was the personification of time. Kronos is symbolized by the newborn baby that ushers in the New Year and ends the year as a bent-over old man: Father Time. We know kronos time as chronology; tick-tock time. It is measured, or chronicled, by clocks, hours, minutes and seconds. It is the time in which we make appointments and face deadlines. It tends to be more of a nemesis or taskmaster than a friend. We schedule our lives by it. Most people speak of never having enough of it as we race around the clock to make sure we maximize the time. Some even refer to much of life as â€Å"putting in the time. † Jonathan Larsen’s Broadway Musical Rent questions the measure of time, and parenthetically, the quality of kronos time with the lyrics of â€Å"Seasons of Love†: Five Hundred Twenty-Five Thousand Six Hundred Minutes How Do You Measure – Measure A Year? In Daylights – In Sunsets In Midnights – In Cups Of Coffee In Inches – In Miles In Laughter – In Strife In – Five Hundred Twenty-Five Thousand Six Hundred Minutes How Do You Measure a Year In The Life? How About Love? Larsen’s lyrics, while suggesting the continuum of life, carry angst for something more than tick-tock time. In the journey of kronos time is there, could there be something more significant, something of value, something legacy-driven that gives lasting impact to kronos time? The ancient Greeks would answer in the affirmative. Opportune Time Kairos (kairos), even though the Greek meanings are complex and culturally dependent, refers to the right time, opportune time or seasonable time. It cannot be measured. It is the perfect time, the qualitative time, the perfect moment, the â€Å"now. † Kairos brings transcending value to kronos time. Eric Charles White, in Kaironomia: On the Will-to-Invent, defines kairos with this imagery: 2 Archery – an opening, or opportunity or, more precisely, a long tunnel-like aperture through which the archer’s arrow has to pass. Successful passage of a kairos requires, therefore, that the archer’s arrow be fired not only accurately but with enough power for it to penetrate. Weaving – the critical time when the weaver must draw the yarn through a gap that momentarily opens in the warp of the cloth being woven. Kairos is the right moment of opportunity which requires proactivity to achieve success. It is significant and decisive. These moments transcend kronos, stirring emotions and realities to cause decisive action. It is not an understatement to say that kairos moments alter destiny. To miscalculate kronos is inconvenient. To miscalculate kairos is lamentable. The Background of Kairos Kairos was known in Greek mythology as the youngest child of the god Zeus. Quite close to the entrance to the stadium [at Olympia] are two altars; one they call the altar of Hermes of the Games, the other the altar of Kairos (Opportunity). Pausanias, Guide to Greece 5. 14. 9 His bronze statute was known as the most beautiful of statutes. Eye witnesses describe the statute as youthful, â€Å"beautiful to look upon as he waved his downy beard and left his hair unconfined for the south wind to toss wherever it would; and he had a blooming complexion, showing by its brilliancy the bloom of his body†¦he stood poised on the tips of his toes on a sphere, and his feet were winged. † The statue was so magnetic people â€Å"stood speechless at the sight. † The artist sought to capture the very essence of kairos: The wings on his feet, he told us, suggested his swiftness, and that, borne by the seasons, he goes rolling on through all eternity; and as to his youthful beauty, that beauty is always opportune and that Kairos (Opportunity) is the only artificer of beauty, whereas that of which the beauty has withered has no part in the nature of Kairos (Opportunity); he also explained that the lock of hair on his forehead indicated that while he is easy to catch as he approaches, yet, when he has passed by, the moment of action has likewise expired, and that, if opportunity (kairos) is neglected, it cannot be recovered. You read "The Concept of Kairos" in category "Papers" † Callistratus, Descriptions 6 The Ancient Greeks, the seedbed of existential thinkers, sought to understand kairos at multiple levels. They applied kairos thinking in arenas of legal, political, and epideitic (the artfully skilled and heightened rhetorical expression of praise). In legal rhetoric, kairos was related to justice beyond the written law, that is, law applied at specific times and circumstances unforeseen by legislators. Political rhetoric concerns the elements of usefulness, suitability, and honor. Kairos was also central to the Sophists, who saw kairos as the ability to understand the subtleties of a rhetorical situation. Kairos is seen as the orator’s ability to adapt to and take advantage of the contingent circumstances. One element of speech rhetoric is The Audience, the psychological and emotional makeup of the hearers. The other is Decorum, the principle of apt speech. Aristotle identifies kairos as intrinsically 3 related to the time and space when proof must be delivered to the hearers. Therefore, speakers are to be aware of their words AND be able to choose opportune moments to re-awaken the hearers. That moment, recognized, chosen and acted upon, is kairotic or interchangeably, kairos. Kairos was not only dependent upon the appropriate timing and purpose, but also the appropriate nature of the situation, the approach, and the implications of what is being presented. [These concepts are explained in detail in the book Rhetoric and Kairos: Essays in History, Theory and Praxis, Phillip Sipiora and James S. Baumlin. ] Modern day students of rhetoric are baffled by the word. S. H. Butcher who translated much of Aristotle noted that â€Å"kairos is a Greek word ‘with no single precise equivalent in any other language. ’† (Encyclopedia of Rhetoric, 118). They believe that grasping the spirit of kairos IS their area of study because the spirit of kairos is essential to the practice of rhetoric. Even though kairos is a bit illusive, it is at the same time, alluring. The Greeks knew kairos intersected kronos time. Yet, what was the impact of kairos? For whom was kairos available? Did kairos opportunities reside for only a few? In Panathenaicus, Isocrates writes that educated people are those â€Å"who manage well the circumstances which they encounter day by day, and who possess a judgment which is accurate in meeting occasions as they arise and rarely misses the expedient course of action. It was into this setting where the Apostle Paul engaged in kairotic interchanges in Athens on the Areopagus (also known as Mars Hill). Can you picture a well-educated man, known and respected for his zealousness in seeking to destroy the followers of a new sect out of Jerusalem called â€Å"The Way† (Christ-followers), and who had the ability to stand toe-to-toe with philosophers, now directing his tenacity toward sharing the real meaning of â€Å"opportunity? † Here’s one example: [Paul] also had a debate with some of the Epicurean and Stoic philosophers. When he told them about Jesus and his resurrection, they said, â€Å"This babbler has picked up some strange ideas. † Others said, â€Å"He’s pushing some foreign religion. † Then they took him to the Council of Philosophers. â€Å"Come and tell us more about this new religion,† they said. â€Å"You are saying some rather startling things, and we want to know what it’s all about. † (It should be explained that all the Athenians as well as the foreigners in Athens seemed to spend all their time discussing the latest ideas. Acts 17:18-21 Just a few short decades before this interchange, the Divine intersected the world’s kronos time with His reality of kairos. A unique kairos has dawned. It came in the flesh, Jesus, the Christ. Time – even kairos itself – was ready to be redeemed. The Redefining of Kairos The New Testament writers reflect the evolution of the word by referring to kairos time as the present moment, the defin ing moment, and even the God-ordained moments. Kairos is the time-frame for divine interaction and occurrences. 4 Mark 1:14-15 â€Å"the time† (is fulfilled) Kairos is a time which requires a change or reorienting. Luke 12:54-56 â€Å"the present time† Kairos is extraordinary time, requiring interpretation. The capacity to read the signs of the times—the kairos—and respond is an issue of faith. Luke 19:44 â€Å"the time† (of your visitation from God) Kairos is a dangerous time. It is critical to recognize it, for if you allow it to pass the loss will be immeasurable. There is a burden or responsibility tied up in the recognition of the kairos. Romans 13:11-13 â€Å"the time . . . the moment† Kairos time is here. It calls for action and transformation—a change of life. 2 Corinthians 6:1-2 â€Å"the acceptable time† Kairos is not just crisis but opportunity and favor. God assists us in discerning the kairos—a moment of grace. Scripture writers accepted and leaned into the multiple dimensions of kairos: The divine reality of God and His kingdom that is available in each moment. Signifies a decisive moment of history when an old world would die and a new age would be born Moments which transcend time (kronos), stirring emotions and realities to cause decisive action. These are moments that alter destiny; seizing upon the crucial moment to perform accurately and skillfully in order to achieve a goal. A divine opportunity – season or moment – that one dare not miss. The apostle Paul knew the importance of reorienting the whole concept of kairos to the perspective of the Kingdom of God. (Kairos is used 85 times in the New Testament and 30 of these are by Paul. ) The Greek and Roman gods and goddesses were capricious and dispensed good or ill arbitrarily. The pagan deities were constantly at odds. Who would bring clarity? As clearly as John Keating passionately urged, â€Å"Carpe diem,† Paul traveled throughout the Asia Minor teaching, and more importantly, living out the message: exagorazesqai ton kairon literally, â€Å"buy up the opportunity. † The word â€Å"buy up† has its roots in the image of going to the marketplace and seeking to buy back, â€Å"to take it off the market†; to redeem. The admonition seems to be clear: people who live 5 in kronos time need to intersect with the Divine in order to grasp the full power of kairos. Go and buy back opportunities! Redeem them for good! Every person needs to know the real kairos: God-appointed time. Paul used the exact same Greek words as he wrote to two different churches: Conduct yourselves with wisdom toward outsiders, making the most of the opportunity. Colossian 4:5 [NAS] Therefore be careful how you walk, not as unwise men but as wise, making the most of your time, because the days are evil. Ephesians 5:15-16 [NAS] Paul wanted people to understand that kairos did not come in the form of a peering at a statute but in letting the eternal kairos, Christ, form more of your mind and subsequently your behavior. St. Ignatius Loyola wrote, â€Å"There are very few people who realize what God would make of them if they abandoned themselves into His hands and let themselves be formed by His grace. † Our world needs to know the depth of the Heavenly Father’s love and the dream He has for every human being to be eternally changed by His power and grace. In an effort to capture kairos for church-goers in the centuries that followed Paul, the Eastern Orthodox Church Liturgy begins with this exclamation, â€Å"Kairos tou poiesai to Kurio† (â€Å"It is time [kairos] for the Lord to act†), indicating that the time of the Liturgy is an intersection with Eternity. It is difficult to measure kairos time. It flows; allowing us to be in the moment. Erwin McManus, while never using the term kairos, speaks of a flow of time; movements which move in a timely manner and waits for no one. Describing or capturing a kairos moment is fluid and beyond expression. McManus suggests: I think we need to spend a day with Monet. He had a clear sense of what was hidden in a moment. Most of us think of a movement as something that’s stationary, stagnant, and unchanging. We want to capture the moment and stand in the moment. If there’s a moment you want to preserve or remember you must take a snapshot. The genius of Monet is that he saw the moment for what it really was. It was as if he read the dictionary and realized that the essence of the words moment and motion are the same. Monet was a master of light and movement. His paintings were blurred and obscure and yet beautiful and full of insight. If we could someone see life through his eyes, we would begin to see life as it really is. (An Unstoppable Force) Grasping the Depth of Kairos One doesn’t catch up with kairos time rather one participates in it. Kairos time can occur during activity or stillness. It simply intersects with kronos time. Newbery-Award winning author Madeleine L’Engle, best known for her children’s books, writes of kronos and kairos. She suggest that kairos can sometimes enter, penetrate, and break through kronos: the child at play, the painter at an easel, the 6 saint at prayer, friends around the dinner table, the mother reaching out for the newborn are in what she calls kairos. Taking kairos a step further Jean Shinoda Bolen suggests, â€Å"When we participate in time and therefore lose our sense of time passing we are in kairos; here we are totally absorbed in the present moment, which may actually stretch out over hours. † (Close to the Bone: Life Threatening Illness and the Search for Meaning, p 86) T. S. Eliot (Four Quartets) ruminates in â€Å"The Dry Salvages† Number 3: For most of us, there is only the unattended Moment, the moment in and out of time, The distraction fit, lost in a shaft of sunlight, The wild thyme unseen, or the winter lightning Or the waterfall, or music heard so deeply That it is not heard at all, but you are the music While the music lasts. Could it be that one could get so caught up in kairos that kronos is truly transcended? At those moments one is at soul-level. The Kairos Call The notion of kairos is characterized by what Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, who survived years of imprisonment and exile in the Gulag Archipelago, calls â€Å"knots,† those decisive historic moments in which everything is rolled up and tied in a knot. In The Interpretation of History, Lutheran Theologian Paul Tillich made prominent use of the term, referring to kairos as those moments of crisis in history which create an opportunity for, and even demand, an existential decision. William Wilberforce forged the way for the abolition of slavery in England. George Washington accepted many kairos opportunities as general and president of a fledgling nation. Abraham Lincoln, the once uneducated country-boy, delivered one of the shortest, yet memorable addresses in American History on the Gettysburg Battlefield. As a determined leader of a war-torn country he concluded with this kairos challenge: It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us – that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion – that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain – that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom – and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth. 7 Winston Churchill, on June 18, 1940, gave a fiery-impassioned speech to the House of Commons that historians believe turned the tide of the war by winning a victory for human freedom. Seemingly defeated on every front, Churchill knew that he was the one to make the clarion call: Hitler knows that he will have to break us in this Island or lose the war. If we can stand up to him, all Europe may be free and the life of the world may move forward into broad, sunlit uplands. But if we fail, then the whole world, including the United States, including all that we have known and cared for, will sink into the abyss of a new Dark Age made more sinister, and perhaps more protracted, by the lights of perverted science. Let us therefore brace ourselves to our duties, and so bear ourselves that, if the British Empire and its Commonwealth last for a thousand years, men will still say, â€Å"This was their finest hour. † (www. winstonchurchill. org) The impeccable reality of kairos moments is that they are special, cosmic, and whether recognized or not, even divine. â€Å"The hour is the God-given moment of destiny not to be shrunk from but seized with decisiveness, the floodtide of opportunity and demand in which the unseen waters of the future surge down to the present. (Os Guinness, Character Counts) Nothing is more critical than to recognize and respond to such a moment. Kairos Possibilities and Potential It is the very nature of God to give every human being multiple opportunities to seize high impact moments. These kairos moments are rich with potential and pregnant with possibilities. â€Å"Whatever we may become, wherever we go, whatever we do, we should always be aware of what once wa s, what might have been, and what could well be again. † (Os Guinness, God in the Dark: The Assurance of Faith Beyond a Shadow of Doubt) Yet, with every opportunity comes a price tag. One cannot seize the day (or time) without choosing to not seize something else, which will undoubtedly have consequences. Jesus would speak frequently of counting the costs. People who choose to seize the moments are less concerned about the sacrifices they are making than they are about the significance of their decision. The encouragement is to make decisions wisely. Think of the Old Testament story of Esther. Would she be open to seizing the day? Would she let her divine moment pass her by? She was a lone Jew in a Gentile king’s harem at the precipice of watching the potential genocide of her race when she was given this challenge by fellow-countryman Mordecai: If you keep quiet at a time like this, deliverance for the Jews will arise from some other place, but you and your relatives will die. What’s more, who can say but that you have been elevated to the palace for just such a time as this? (Esther 4:14) She stood face-to-face with her God-given moment of destiny: a kairos moment. James Emery White confidently exclaims, â€Å"Kairos moments are never pragmatic moves to ensure a blessed life during our short tenure on earth. They are moments to be seized for the sake of eternity and the Lord of eternity. † (Life-Defining Moments: Daily Choices with the Power to Transform Your Life, p 97) 8 In J. R. R. Tolkien’s The Lord of the Rings (The Fellowship of the Ring), an elderly Bilbo Baggins offers to carry The Ring of Power into the Dark Lord Sauron’s domain. His intention is to return it to the Land of Mordor, into the fires of Mount Doom from which it was forged. Yet he knew the temptation of the ring. So he said to himself, â€Å"Bilbo the silly hobbit started this affair, and Bilbo had better finish it, or himself. His old friend Gandalf the wizard releases him from the task, â€Å"If you had really started this affair you might be expected to finish it. But you know well enough that starting is too great a claim for any, and that only a small part is played in great deeds by any hero. † The great starter of events, of course, is God Himself. And while the great deeds are not done by a few, but by many, the heroes are bound by their choice to take a stand. Through this decision they assume a role in the great contest between good and evil; between the movement of God and rebellion of the Evil One. Each succeeding generation carries on playing its part in the great cosmic battle that will eventually be brought to a finish at the end of history. The question is whether we will choose to walk in the footsteps of the heroes who went before us. It’s a daunting choice indeed. (James Emery White, Life-Defining Moments: Daily Choices with the Power to Transform Your Life, p 85) Tolkien provides some clarity about kairos decisions throughout his epic. The hobbits, the elves, Gandalf, the Fellowship are all part of a metanarrative; a story that provides framework upon which other’s experiences can be built. Each of us is afforded moments to take a stand, regardless of appearance (Frodo, the Hobbit) to position (Aragon, the king in waiting). Kairos moments can catapult a person into the very essence of life, which often comes with great consequences. Yet, it is there, in kairos moments, where we live the great drama of life. Maybe it is in those times when we feel most alive, most in touch with our eternal purpose. Make no doubt about it, these moments are not just discerned, they must be seized. Bilbo’s young nephew, Frodo, knew when the kairos moment was calling him. That’s the way kairos moments often present themselves. Challenges, calls, â€Å"leaps of faith† into the great unknown! Though sometimes unexplainable, the call is unmistakable. Could there be a cosmic gong? At last with an effort he spoke, and wondered to hear his own words, as if some other will was using his small voice. â€Å"I will take the Ring,† Frodo said, â€Å"though I do not know the way. † Elrond raised his eyes and looked at him, and Frodo felt his heart pierced by the sudden keenness of the glance. â€Å"If I understand aright all that I have heard,† he said, â€Å"I think that this task is appointed for you, Frodo; and that if you do not find a way, no one will. This is the hour of the Shire-folk, when they arise from their quiet fields to shake the towers and counsels of the great. Who of all the Wise could have foreseen it? Or, if they are wise, why should they expect to know it, until the hour has struck? But it is a heavy burden. So heavy that none could lay it on another. I do not lay it on you. But if you take it freely, I will say that your choice is right. † 9 Let’s be very clear, the kairos call is sometimes very challenging. The responsibility of the Ring came upon Frodo unwanted, what seems to happen with kairos calls. Yet, the power lies in what we do with the kairos moment. Reflect on some interchanges between Frodo and Gandalf: Frodo: I wish the ring had never come to me. I wish none of this had happened. Gandalf: So do all who live to see such times. But that is not for them to decide. All we have to decide is what to do with the time that is given to us. There are other forces at work in this world Frodo, besides the will of evil. Bilbo was meant to find the Ring. In which case, you were also meant to have it. And that is an encouraging thought. Frodo: I am not made for perilous quests. I wish I had never seen the Ring! Why did it come to me? Why was I chosen? Gandalf: Such questions cannot be answered. You may be sure that it was not for any merit that others do not possess. (He was just a simple hobbit, after all. ) But you have been chosen, and you must therefore use such strength and heart, and wits as you have. The weight of kairos opportunities can bring consternation. They call us out of our comfort zones. Oh to have wise people, like Gandalf, who listen to our doubts and then remind us of the importance of seizing kairos moments and staying the course! Kairos moments are well worth it. The Challenge Let’s tweak John Keating’s Latin urge to a kairos admonition: Tempus Occasio! Seize the kairos moment! Every human being is loved by God and eternally valued. Every human being exists for only a certain amount of kronos time. Thousands of years before The Byrds’ popular, â€Å"Turn! (To Everything There is a Season), King Solomon wrote: There is a time for everything, a season for every activity under heaven. (Ecclesiastes) The Septuagint, the Greek translation of the Old Testament, uses the word kairos to capture the writer’s intent. The question is, â€Å"What will we do with our kronos moments? † There is something beyond kronos. There is a time that impacts kronos with such intensity that it can alter the very kronos of a person’s life. Every human being is wired with gifts and passions which afford opportunities to make unique impacts. While each of us writes the script of our life, we have been given extraordinary potential to make a difference. Tempus Occasio! James W. Moore boldly writes, â€Å"Kairos time is full time, vital time, crucial time, decisive time, God’s time – those rich special moments that break into the humdrum and change your life; those powerful dramatic moments when things seem to fall into place; a new perspective comes, and God seems to be speaking loud and clear. That is kairos! † (Seizing the Moments: Making the Most of Life’s Opportunities, p 16) Kairos and the Present Moment 10 The young struggling diabetic Shelby, in the movie Steel Magnolias (1989) muses, â€Å"I would rather have thirty minutes of wonderful than a lifetime of nothing special. † Kairos moments are waiting to be grasped. There is no better time to apprehend kairos then the exact moment in time in which a person lives: the present moment. Simply put, the past is over; the future has yet to be written. We have the gift of the present moment in which to live. Will we seize the present moment or passively watch time tick by? The question is far from cavalier. It carries with it the tenderness of a care-giver blended with the challenge of a coach. The options are simple but the consequences can lead to great complexities. Either we proactively seize kairos time or we, by choice, choose only to live in kronos time, which tempts us to reshape the past or lures us to bring unwarranted assurances to our future. The later is a tenuous place to live. It leads to limited satisfaction, feeds our control issues, and breeds a lack of contentment. Can you think of a moment in your life which brought great joy to you? Fulfilling a dream, falling in love, the birth of a child? If only that moment could be frozen in time. It cannot. That moment is in the past, a memory to which we add other memories which will form the legacy of our lives. That moment is to be remembered and celebrated. It becomes another stitch in the fabric of our lives. It dare not become the entire garment. Recently three Detroit baseball players from an era long gone by were featured guests at a local expo. These once stellar athletes, now plump old men, limped down the stairs to their booth for signing autographs. There seemed to be two types of autograph seekers that day: those who wanted a symbol of some of the good ‘ole years and those who were living as if the ’84 Tigers just clinched the pennant. They donned jerseys and hats; taking the concept of â€Å"fan† to another level. There was a difference from remembering the past and choosing to live in the past. Conversely, can you think of a moment in your life which brought pain or sadness? Was it a poor decision? Someone who hurt you? The loss of someone you love? If only that moment had not happened. It did. That moment is also in the past, and added to our memory. It too, becomes another stitch in the fabric of our lives. It dare not become the entire garment. How many people do you know who live in the past with such intensity that it drives their very decision-making? Rather than choosing to observe the past as a scar, they see it as a festering wound. Some even choose to regularly keep the wound open. That way they can actually use the wound as leverage for manipulation or exacting some revenge. Others peel back the scar when it is convenient giving them a good excuse for not taking responsibility for their decisions. The old saying is true, â€Å"He who ignores history is bound to repeat it. † However, there is a great distance between knowing our past and choosing to live in the past. Philosophy majors spar over this concept. Therapists earn a living helping people understand it. It is the crux of how human beings, young and old, choose to live. Will we choose the present moment? This is very practical. Take for instance, Brady Quinn, quarterback (2002-2006), The University of Notre Dame: 1 Before coach Charlie Weis came to Notre Dame, Brady Quinn’s development was like a slow, steady drip. Quinn had arrived at Notre Dame as a highly touted quarterback †¦ However, he wasn’t able to live up to the high expectations during his first two years in South Bend, IN. With one season of eligibility remaining, Quinn holds almost every major Notre Dame single-season and career passing record. His improved play has much to do with the Irish’s return to a place among the nation’s elite programs. (Michael Rothstein, ESPN. om, January 2, 2006) Charlie Weiss came to Notre Dame’s storied program as suburb playing-calling genius with three Super Bowl rings. His pedigree is helping young quarterbacks succeed to monumental levels. In an interview, Quinn was asked to describe the zenith of his turnaround, he simply reflected, â€Å"It all began when I started to believe the coach. † What was the coach’s oft-repeated mantra to Quinn? Forget the past. I’ll worry about your future. Your job is to live in the present moment. If it’s true for a twenty-something sports phenom imagine the stakes from an ete rnal perspective. What if a person would simply choose to live, just live, in the present moment? Imagine a life of present moment living where authentic behavior is honed by the self-disciple, practice, and self-control of the martial artist. Imagine what it would be like to make conscience efforts to let go of all our baggage – childhood problems, prejudices, assumptions, interpretations, and projections – and being responsive to the moment, appreciating â€Å"the power of now. † Present moment living is both spontaneous and responsible. (Spiritually Intelligent Leadership, Danah Zohar, Leader to Leader, No. 8 Fall 2005) The Bible has specific words for past moments, they are redeemable. I have redeemed you! I have called you by name! You are mine! Our Heavenly Father, through the power of Christ, offers a life of no-regrets. The slate is wiped clean and He restores â€Å"in spades† that which was lost. That leaves an ominous choice. Either a person can choose to live in the past, listening to all the loud voices which scream of rejection, failure, and unforgiveness or a person can choose to accept the truth: which is, each person is eternally loved and God wants all people redeemed. Because Christ bought us back, we are offered a life of kairos, a way of life which is about â€Å"buying back† (making the most of) opportunities; seizing these moments for the Kingdom of God. Tempus Occasio! Kairos Opportunities People who choose kairos living as a way of life not only accept redemption; they bask in all that it has to offer. They believe the past is really bought back and they are given a new lease at life. The past is a scar. Kairos people look at the scar and remember how much healing distance there is between the present moment and that scar. They believe with more and more faith each day that God does indeed, make all things new. Therefore to seize kairos is to â€Å"pluck† all the grace the Heavenly Father offers and accept it through faith. Kairos people accept faith as a gift and deliver increasing amounts of faith to people they meet. 12 People who choose kairos living as a way of life believe the future is really in good hands; God’s hands. Jesus wasn’t stretching the truth when he said, Don’t worry about tomorrow. It is God’s design that we seek to trust Him with our future. Therefore, kairos people are people of hope. They actually believe the Heavenly Father wants to give them good things and do good things through them. Kairos people put their hope in the One who controls the future and in turn, seeks to deliver increasing amounts of hope to people they meet. People who choose kairos living as a way of life know the Heavenly Father loves them first and in turn, respond by loving God with all their heart, soul, and mind. They know the depth of love they receive and want to give it away to others, thereby, living out the Great Commandments of Jesus. Kairos people love God and love people; believing that loving others is directly proportional to how much we love ourselves. Kairos people are people who love, radically and relentlessly and seek to deliver increasing amounts of love to people they meet. Tempus Occasio! Conclusion In the span of every human being’s life there are kairos opportunities. You may not be standing in the hallway of a boarding school with John Keating whispering, â€Å"Carpe Diem! † But you are standing on the precipice of other kairos opportunities. Tempus occasio! You may not be a teenager who is seeking to understand the meaning of life. But you are invited to find purpose and power as you gaze into the face of the One who created you and calls you â€Å"Beloved,† offering you destiny-changing opportunities. Tempus occasio! You may not be gazing into the pictures of those who lived a century ago. But you are invited to study the lives of those who have taken their kairos moments and transformed their world. Tempus occasio! Are you ready for an adventure? If you listen real close, you can hear opportunity calling. Your legacy is ready to be written. Go on, lean in. Listen, you hear it? Tempus! Hear it? Tempus! Tempus occasio! Seize kairos! Make your lives extraordinary. 13 How to cite The Concept of Kairos, Papers

Late Imperial Russia free essay sample

How was Russia set up to be the nation it is today? Introduction: Imperial Russia all started in the 17th century where a man named Tsar Ivan IV the terrible battled and defeated the Mongols which were the previous rulers of Russia. He appointed himself the emperor of Russia and his heirs would carry on his principles and his way of ruling throughout the centurys to build a strong nation. The Tsars of the Romanov dynasty would carry on ruling till the last reign in 1890-1917 which was held by Tsar Nicholas II son of Tsar Alexander Ill, it was his and is fathers reign which changed Russia from having its own system (tsarism) to become a nation with a fair government Just like the European nations of their time. At first glance the Tsars were thought to be grateful to Russia e. g. ictory over the swedes which transformed Muscovy into a great power of Europe and Alexander II the liberator ended serfdom and restored the government of Russia after losing the Crimean war. We will write a custom essay sample on Late Imperial Russia or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page However there were many situations, problems in governments and people that caused Russia to change from having Tsarism to having an official government such as parliament. Tsar Tsarism: The system of Tsarism was governed through three organisations: Firstly there was the imperial council, which were a group of advisers to the Tsar. Secondly there was the Cabinet of Ministers, which ran the government departments of the Tsar. Thirdly there was the Senate, which were the supervisors of the law. All three of these governmental bodies were ranked under the Tsar so every organisation they run, laws they make or suggestions, the final word or decision has to be from the current Tsar ruler, e. g. To quote Reaction and Revolution They were appointed, not elected nd they did not govern. This is because their roles are basically to give advice because whatever they say has to go through the Tsar. The Tsar which caused most problems were as I mentioned above Nicholas II and Alexander Ill because of what they tried to do to the Russian empire as well as what they didnt try to do, unlike their reforming heirs, they didnt fight for Russia or change for Russia, they only did what they did to benefit them, not the rest of Russia. By the time of Nicholass reign Russia stretched a distance of 5000 miles from west to east and 2000 miles from outh to north, this of course made ruling Russia even more difficult because one family couldnt possibly enforce their system on their own unless they had an actual government like other European countries of their time. Even though the sheer size of Russia gave it a well-known powerful image that its a nation of strength, it didnt prove that because parts of the landscape are either unreachable, uninhabitable or just not worth the time to build upon. Considering these facts Tsar Nicholas II wasnt indeed that powerful as well as the Tsarism system which soon lead to changing into communist government ruled by the Bolsheviks in 1917. Overall the system of Tsarism is the system the Tsar family ran to rule the nation of Russia, this involved only them having command and if any governmental bodies have any ideas to change/improve Russia they could only advise it as only the Tsars nad control. How did the geography of Russia compare to other nations in Europe and effect the Tsar: As IVe mentioned above, Russia consists a land mass of 16,093,440 Kilometres Squared which makes it 2 and a half times bigger than the USA and a whole lot harder to rule, this is because Russia of this time is being ruled by one family which nly cause poverty, social segregation and a failed work force, if you compare it to the USA of its time its doing far better than Russia because the USA is a democracy unlike Russia which is a socialist nation. The differences are that the USA vote and elect, they have different Parties which have different Jobs to run the country when Russia is run by one family which tries to do everything and when they do make laws or enforce something, it only rewards them not the nation. The advantage the Tsars had is that the size of Russia made them seem untouchable which explains the lack f countries invading or taking over Russia, this is the only way that the geography of Russia affects it positively, IVe mentioned how it affects Russia negatively e. . bad landscape, too much to rule over, cannot handle to control such a large area. Ruling Russia back then was difficult even with the Trans-Siberian Railway, sure it provided a way to cross the 5000 miles from west to east but it still caused neglect to places like Vladivostok and Irkutsk because they arent at all near the capitals such as Moscow and St Petersburg. How did the people of Russia effect the Tsar and what did they do to respond to the ays of the tsar: The people of Russia were so constricted because of Tsarism it caused many problems, one of the catalysts to the problems was that it was a criminal offence to go against the Tsar or Tsarism, therefore if anyone decided they wanted to reform the tsarism system they had to go through the Tsar themselves and of course if it goes against their wishes theyll say no and arrest the person responsible. There has been Reforming Tsars which improved transport, improved efficiency of the army, re-built cities so they could change Russia for the better, but ventually it was all done for nothing because whenever an heir gained the throne from a reformed Tsar they always went back to the strict ways. This did effect the nation greatly but not as much until the last Tsar ever: Nicholas II, he was meant to carry on the rulings his tatner made to help build Russia into a stronger nation e. g. mproving standard of living, education, employment etc. but he decided to go back to the old socialist ways that caused poverty, distrust of the nation and weakening the barrier between a fair command and compete domination of the people of Russia. People didnt Just stand around been ruled or told off by the tsars, there have been a few moments where theyVe risen up, worked together to eradicate the current Tsar leader or went underground to discuss what differences they could make on their own without the permission of the Tsar. For example since free speech was a common myth in the reigns of Tsar, various people most likely in political activist groups decided to go to extremism. They thought the only way they could get their word out or make a change is through threats or by force, for example in 1881 Tsar Alexander II was blown up by a bomb thrown from the Peoples Will hich were a terrorist group, they went this far because they didnt want to be plagued by the Tsar or Tsarism anymore. However other people of the nation went down low and created societies or non-activist groups which wouldnt allow the Tsars to see how theyre changing Russia in a non-obvious fashion, but eventually after they started to plan a revolution the Tsar caught on and decided to infiltrate them with their own secret police known as the Okhrama. They were issued to perform raids, arrests, imprisonments and infiltrations to stop the secret societies so the Tsar could carry on running the government. The only thing that was good that the Tsar provided to the people was an Orthodox Church in every city (ST. Petersburg Moscow), the people encouraged this because the church was a part of Russian culture and because it didnt rely on any foreign influence or governmental body. Of course the Church supported the tsarist system throughout the centurys right up to the 19th century where it became well opposed to political/governmental change which caused it to so low in growth, unlike the industrial part of Russia. Consider the fact the only 0. 5% of Russia is the Tsar and their advisors, 12% is military and the last 3. 9% is the public, the public consist of merchants, factory workers and owners, land owners and mainly peasants. This causes issues because of course the Tsar allow the chance that people can buy/own/sell land, but it comes with a price, considering most workers soon save up to buy a farm land but then it comes with a mortgage thus causing them to be in debt and nearly as poor as the peasants. This effected the economy massively because by these statistics 80% of the population were peasants, and they knew peasants were illiterate and have a lack of skills, this portion of the opulation was the catalyst to everything the people did in response to what the Tsar did to Russia. This made the Tsar lower the ranks of the army so they could be filled with conscription (the forcing of large numbers of peasants to Join the armed services), these were often called the Dark Masses. The problems caused by botn Tsarism and the People ot Russia : The issues that were caused by the Tsar effect Russia more frequently and at a higher scale after Alexander the seconds reign, this is because he was the first reforming Tsar for a while and what he did was for the better interest of the nation not himself; People tarted noticing his reforms in 1861 when he emancipated the Serfs, he restored Russias governing structure after the loss in the Crimean war and he set up a network of elected councils in the rural areas which were called Zemstvos, even though it seemed with these elected bodies that anyone could vote, that wasnt the case because of strict voting regulations only the land owners not the peasants could take part in the voting. Alexander II has obviously made a difference to his nation because of this evidence, but it still did solve the problem that there might be a hance that the next Tsar could ignore his reformative ways and create discipline, poverty and all the other problems again like other Tsars before him. He also feared that since hes doing all of this, hes not committing to his Tsar duties, so near the end of his reign he goes back to the old ways which doesnt affect much but leads to his assassination in 188111880. His successor Alexander Ill caused all sorts of problems, problems so bad that everyone in the nation felt oppressed during his whole reign, after he was replaced by Nicholas II things got even worse because he didnt like the eforming that alexander II did, so he carried on the repressive policies of his predecessor, which made Alexander the seconds reformation worth nothing, this of course angered the intelligent, richer and educated class of Russia known as the intelligentsia. The army of Russia was weakened by Nicholas II because he decided to lower ranks in the military so that even peasants could Join, this made becoming a high ranking officer easier therefore more of a chance to affect the tsarism system that Nicholas II has moulded. This weakened the force or strength of the military reatly, so much that the people created their own group called the Militia which basically had their own form of Justice against criminals. If the military was going downhill so was the Tsar because Just about 50% of their expenditure was funding the army which was only able to produce a million and nalt me, which does sound powerful but most of which were peasants and land owners. People of Russia had less specific reasons of why the army, or their nation is so bad, they thought that the Tsar civil service was corrupt and the evidence to show it was that its the nation hose tried and tried again to reform itself but always goes back and corrupts itself again. Many citizens accused the Tsar of sucking the blood of the people which refers to the fact that they control them, they corrupt them and they use them. Overall many people of Russia either appreciated the reformation to be on par with other nations or hating the reformation, the people which wanted the reformation were known as the Westerners because they wanted Russia to adopt aspects of European nations so they wont live in horrendous conditions e. g. destroyed towns/ cities because of wars. Or have economic problems e. g. iving in poverty. The people who wanted Russia to stay the same were known as Slavophiles they wanted to preserve the best aspects of Russia, yes solve the problems but not via adopting features of other European nations. Conclusion: The system of Tsarism is the system the Tsar family ran to rule the nation of Russia, this involved only them having command and if any governmental bodies have any ideas to change/improve Russia they could only advise it as only the Tsars had control. The geography of Russia effects its government greatly because it made them seem stronger when actually the tsar couldnt possibly control the whole of Russia, also because of the vast landscape they couldnt industrialise as fast as other nations could therefore putting them at a disadvantage as a nation. The people of Russia lived in poverty because of the strict rulings of the tsar, that the tsar couldnt control all of them, they were in debt if they paid for land, even if theyre factory workers everyone couldnt possibly benefit the whole nation. Because of the constant change of reforming tsars to cruel tsars the people of Russia didnt know what to do and what they can do, which lead to assassinations, societies being created and being invaded by military or police.